Notes about Johanna Enlists, 1918, directed by William D. Taylor, with Mary Pickford, Anne Schaefer, Fred Huntley, available from Turner Classic Movies. See also what's at Wikipedia, your library, or elsewhere. Broader term: History, Modern -- 20th century; Narrower terms: World War, 1914-1918. History of Germany - Wikipedia. The concept of Germany as a distinct region in central Europe can be traced to Roman commander Julius Caesar, who referred to the unconquered area east of the Rhine as Germania, thus distinguishing it from Gaul (France), which he had conquered. The victory of the Germanic tribes in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (AD 9) prevented annexation by the Roman Empire, although the Roman provinces of Germania Superior and Germania Inferior were established along the Rhine. Following the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Franks conquered the other West. Germanic tribes. When the Frankish Empire was divided among Charlemagne's heirs in 8. East Francia. In 9. Otto I became the first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, the medieval German state. In the High Middle Ages, the regional dukes, princes and bishops gained power at the expense of the emperors. Martin Luther led the Protestant Reformation against the Catholic Church after 1. Protestant, while the southern states remained Catholic. The two parts of the Holy Roman Empire clashed in the Thirty Years' War (1. Holy Roman Empire and the beginning of the modern nation- state system, with Germany divided into numerous independent states, such as Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony. After the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars (1. The 1. 84. 8 March Revolution failed. 4 Johanna Enlists (1918): An Elliptic and Comic Portrayal of the. 15 Mobilizing Morale: At the Front in a Flivver with the American Ambulanciers 245. The Industrial Revolution modernized the German economy, led to the rapid growth of cities and to the emergence of the Socialist movement in Germany. Prussia, with its capital Berlin, grew in power. German universities became world- class centers for science and the humanities, while music and the arts flourished. 4 Johanna Enlists (1918): An Elliptic and Comic Portrayal of the Great War in Motion Pictures Cl. 15 Mobilizing Morale. On 30 December 1918, the Communist Party of Germany was founded by the Spartacus League, who had split from the Social Democratic Party during the war. German Women and the Far Right from Kaiserreich to Third Reich. Mobilizing Women for Hitler,' 84. Rupert Hughes (story 'The Mobilizing of Johanna'). Johanna Enlists (1918) 6.9 /10. Want to share IMDb's. Unification was achieved with the formation of the German Empire in 1. Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. The new Reichstag, an elected parliament, had only a limited role in the imperial government. Germany joined the other powers in colonial expansion in Africa and the Pacific. Germany was the dominant power on the continent. By 1. 90. 0, its rapidly expanding industrial economy passed Britain's, allowing a naval race and an aggressive foreign policy. Germany led the Central Powers in World War I (1. Defeated and partly occupied, Germany was forced to pay war reparations by the Treaty of Versailles and was stripped of its colonies as well as Polish areas and Alsace- Lorraine. The German Revolution of 1. In 1. 93. 3, the Nazis under Adolf Hitler came to power and established a totalitarian regime. Political opponents were killed or imprisoned. Nazi Germany's aggressive foreign policy took control of Austria and parts of Czechoslovakia, and its invasion of Poland initiated the Second World War. After forming a pact with the Soviet Union in 1. Hitler and Stalin divided Eastern Europe. Only the British Commonwealth and Empire stood opposed, along with Greece. Hitler invaded the Soviet Union in June 1. In Germany, but predominantly in the German- occupied areas, the systematic genocide program known as The Holocaust killed six million Jews, as well as five million Poles, Romanies, Russians, Soviets (Russian and non- Russian), and others. In 1. 94. 2, the German invasion of the Soviet Union faltered, and after the United States had entered the war, Britain became the base for massive Anglo- American bombings of German cities. Germany fought the war on multiple fronts through 1. Millions of ethnic Germans fled from Communist areas into West Germany, which experienced rapid economic expansion, and became the dominant economy in Western Europe. West Germany was rearmed in the 1. NATO, but without access to nuclear weapons. The Franco- German friendship became the basis for the political integration of Western Europe in the European Union. In 1. 98. 9, the Berlin Wall was destroyed, the Soviet Union collapsed and East Germany was reunited with West Germany in 1. Germany remains one of the economic powerhouses of Europe, contributing about one quarter of the eurozone's annual gross domestic product. In the early 2. 01. Germany played a critical role in trying to resolve the escalating euro crisis, especially with regard to Greece and other Southern European nations. In the middle of the decade, the country faced the European migrant crisis, as the main receiver of asylum seekers from Syria and other troubled regions. For more events, see Timeline of German history. Prehistory. The Neanderthal 1 fossils are now known to be 4. At a similar age, evidence of modern humans has been found in caves in the Swabian Jura near Ulm. The finds include 4. From their homes in southern Scandinavia and northern Germany the tribes began expanding south, east and west in the 1st century BC. Rome subdued several Germanic tribes, such as the Cherusci. The tribes became familiar with Roman tactics of warfare while maintaining their tribal identity. In 9 AD a Cherusci chieftain known to the Romans as Arminius defeated a Roman army in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, a victory credited with stopping the Roman advance into Germanic territories. By AD 1. 00, the time of Tacitus's Germania, Germanic tribes had settled along the Roman frontier along the Rhine and the Danube (the Limes Germanicus), occupying most of the area of modern Germany; however, imperial Rome organised territory later included in the modern states of Austria, Baden- W. The Roman provinces in western Germany, Germania Inferior (with the capital situated at Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium, modern Cologne) and Germania Superior (with its capital at Mogontiacum, modern Mainz), were formally established in 8. AD, after a long period of military occupation beginning in the reign of the Roman emperor. Augustus (2. 7 BC - 1. AD). Around 2. 60 the Germanic peoples broke through the limes and the Danube frontier into Roman- controlled lands. At the end of the 4th century the Huns invaded the unoccupied part. Hunnic hegemony over Germania lasted until the death of Attila's son Dengizich in 4. The concept of such duchies survived especially in the areas which in the mid- 9th century would become part of East Francia. Tribes that became stem duchies were originally the Alamanni, the Thuringii, the Saxons, the Franks, the Burgundians, and the Rugii. Over the next few centuries, some tribes warred, migrated, and merged. Eventually the Franks subjugated all these tribes in Germania. To the north, these included Lusatia, the North March (which would become Brandenburg and the heart of the future Prussia), and the Billung March. In the south, the marches included Carniola, Styria, and the March of Austria that would become Austria. The Merovingian kings of the Germanic Franks conquered northern Gaul in 4. AD. Swabia became a duchy under the Frankish Empire in 4. Battle of Tolbiac; in 5. Saxons and Franks destroyed the Kingdom of Thuringia. In the 5th and 6th centuries the Merovingian kings conquered several. King Chlothar I (reigned 5. Saxons inhabited the area down. As a whole, Austrasia comprised parts of present- day France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. After the death of the Frankish king Clovis I in 5. Austrasia. Authority over Austrasia passed back and forth from autonomy to royal subjugation, as successive Merovingian kings alternately united and subdivided the Frankish lands. His son Carloman started a new war against Saxony in 7. Saxons gave aid to Duke Odilo of Bavaria. Now the Frankish kings were set up. The campaigns and insurrections of the Saxon Wars lasted from 7. The Franks eventually overwhelmed the Saxons and Avars, forcibly converted the people to Christianity, and annexed their lands to the Carolingian Empire. In 8. 00, Charlemagne's authority was confirmed by his coronation as emperor by the pope on Christmas Day in Rome. Imperial strongholds (Kaiserpfalzen) became economic and cultural centres, of which Aachen was the most famous. The German region developed out of the East Frankish kingdom, East Francia. From 9. 19 to 9. 36, the Germanic peoples . Additionally, Otto revived the old Carolingian program of appointing missionaries in the border lands. Otto continued to support celibacy for the higher clergy, so ecclesiastical appointments never became hereditary. By granting land to the abbotts and bishops he appointed, Otto actually made these bishops into . Outside threats to the kingdom were contained with the decisive defeat of the Hungarian Magyars at the Battle of Lechfeld in 9. The Slavs between the Elbe and the Oder rivers were also subjugated. Otto marched on Rome and drove John XII from the papal throne and for years controlled the election of the pope, setting a firm precedent for imperial control of the papacy for years to come. During the reign of Conrad II's son, Henry III (1. Cluniac reforms of the Church . Imperial authority over the Pope reached its peak. In the Investiture Controversy which began between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII over appointments to ecclesiastical offices, the emperor was compelled to submit to the Pope at Canossa in 1. In 1. 12. 2 a temporary reconciliation was reached between Henry V and the Pope with the Concordat of Worms. The consequences of the investiture dispute were a weakening of the Ottonian church (Reichskirche), and a strengthening of the Imperial secular princes. Knightly religious orders were established, including the Knights Templar, the Knights of St John (Knights Hospitaller), and the Teutonic Order. The Hanseatic League was a business alliance of trading cities and their guilds that dominated trade along the coast of Northern Europe. Each of the Hanseatic cities had its own legal system and a degree of political autonomy. The native Baltic Prussians were conquered and Christianized by the Knights with much warfare, and numerous German towns were established along the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. Hoping to gain complete control over the church inside the Empire, Henry V appointed Adalbert of Saarbr. Adalbert began to assert the powers of the Church against secular authorities, that is, the Emperor. This precipitated the .
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. Archives
January 2017
Categories |